Grasping First Aid’s True Essence

Life in a Moment: Emergencies expose the fragility and unpredictability of life. Within seconds, a joyous occasion can turn into a dire situation. First aid is about acknowledging this fragility and arming oneself with the knowledge to respond effectively.

• A Rapid Response Spectrum: Emergencies don’t come with a warning. Whether it’s a scraped knee or a heart attack, understanding the gravity of the situation and responding aptly is pivotal. First aid provides a spectrum of responses tailored to the severity of the situation.
• Your Toolkit – Beyond the Physical: Sure, a first aid kit brimming with bandages, antiseptics, and other tools is indispensable. But the real toolkit? It’s your presence of mind, your ability to stay calm, and your quick reflexes.

More Than Just Techniques – It’s an Art

• Breathing Life – The Nuances of CPR: CPR is not just a mechanical set of chest compressions and breaths. It’s about sensing the rhythm of life, understanding the delicate balance between force and care, and often being the bridge between life and death.
• Bleeding – Nature’s Alarm: When we see blood, our primal instincts kick in – fear, alarm, panic. But in first aid, one learns to see bleeding as a call to action. It’s about precision – where to apply pressure, how to elevate an injury, and when to use a tourniquet.
• Handling Burns – A Delicate Dance: Burns aren’t just skin-deep. They’re a complex interplay of physical damage and intense pain. Proper care is a dance of cooling, covering, and, most importantly, offering solace.

The Continuous Journey of Learning

• Courses – A Treasure Trove of Insights: Certified courses aren’t just about ticking boxes. They’re a journey into the vast world of first aid, filled with hands-on experiences, poignant moments, and profound insights.
• Evolving with Time: Medicine and practices evolve. Yesterday’s techniques might be today’s taboos. Keeping oneself updated isn’t just a recommendation; it’s a responsibility.
• Learning from the Tapestry of Life: Every scar has a story, every bruise a lesson. Sharing and learning from real-life situations – both successes and failures – enrich the collective knowledge of the first aid community.

The Emotional Voyage of First Aid

• Staying Grounded Amidst Chaos: Emergencies can be chaotic. But amidst the storm, the first aider’s role is to be the anchor. It’s a challenge, yes, but also a testament to the human spirit’s resilience.
• The Aftermath – Healing the Mind: Once the dust settles, the emotional whirlwind begins. From relief to trauma, the emotional spectrum is vast. Recognizing, addressing, and seeking support for these feelings is as essential as the first aid itself.

First Aid’s Intersection with Technology

• Modern Tools Elevating Response: While the basics of first aid remain consistent, technology has woven its way into the fabric of emergency response. From mobile apps that guide CPR rhythm to wearables that detect falls among the elderly, technological advancements are enhancing our ability to react promptly and effectively.
• Virtual Training – Bridging Distances: The digital realm has opened up avenues for first aid training that were once constrained by geographical boundaries. Virtual classes, augmented reality simulations, and interactive online modules allow individuals to hone their skills from the comfort of their homes, ensuring that no one is denied the opportunity to learn because of location.

The Global Spectrum of First Aid

• Diverse Challenges, Unified Goals: Different regions face unique challenges. While one area might grapple with snake bites, another might deal with frostbites. But the ethos of first aid remains universal – to provide immediate care, alleviate suffering, and preserve life. Recognizing these regional nuances, while staying rooted in the core principles, makes one a versatile and globally aware first responder.
• Collaboration Across Borders: Emergencies know no boundaries. Over the years, international collaborations have grown, fostering an exchange of knowledge and practices. Such partnerships highlight the universality of human compassion and the shared mission to create a safer world for everyone.

Conclusion

First aid is an ever-evolving realm, seamlessly merging age-old wisdom with modern innovations. As we navigate through life, it serves as a reminder of our shared humanity, our ability to uplift each other in times of crisis, and our innate desire to make a meaningful impact. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or a novice, the journey of first aid offers endless opportunities for growth, learning, and profound connections.

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Communication is the bedrock of human interaction, providing a framework for understanding, collaboration, and progress. In diverse sectors like health and gambling, communication takes center stage. In health, proper communication between doctors and patients can mean the difference between timely diagnosis and mismanagement. Similarly, in the realm of online gambling, transparent communication between operators and players ensures trust and reliability.

Decision-making in Health

In health, decisions often revolve around diagnostics, treatment plans, and preventative measures. Effective communication ensures that doctors fully understand patient symptoms, medical history, and concerns. This paves the way for informed decisions that can drastically impact a patient’s life and well-being. For patients, being well-informed enables them to make choices about their treatments, understanding the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Analytical Skills in Gambling

While luck plays a role in gambling, analytical skills are paramount for consistent success, especially in games like poker or blackjack. Players must communicate with their opponents, read their intentions, and make split-second decisions based on the information at hand. In online platforms, choosing the right payment method becomes crucial. This brings us to the rise of PayPal in online casinos. As the digital era has evolved, so have payment methods. Online casinos, always looking for ways to enhance user experience, have adapted by incorporating trusted payment platforms. And among them, PayPal stands tall. But how did it cement its position in online casinos, you can find a detailed exploration of this topic here. In a nutshell, PayPal’s success stems from its efficient communication and transparency. Users are immediately notified of their transactions, and the platform’s stringent security measures communicate reliability and trust. Online casinos recognized these attributes and, seeing a chance to improve their services, began integrating PayPal as a primary payment option.

Drawing Parallels: Health and Gambling

At first glance, health and gambling might seem worlds apart. However, when it comes to decision-making, they intersect profoundly. In both sectors, the choices made are influenced by the quality of communication and the depth of analysis. A patient deciding on a treatment plan will consider the doctor’s advice, potential outcomes, and personal research. Similarly, a gambler deciding to deposit money into an online casino will evaluate the platform’s reputation, the available games, and crucially, the offered payment methods. PayPal’s ascent in online casinos underscores the value of these decision-making parallels. The platform’s transparency, coupled with its commitment to user security, communicates trustworthiness, making it a go-to choice for many online gamblers. Just as a patient trusts a doctor’s expertise, a gambler trusts a platform that offers seamless, secure transactions.

The Emergence of Digital Solutions

As we traverse further into the digital age, both the health and gambling sectors have witnessed a surge in technological solutions to enhance communication and decision-making processes.

• Telemedicine: In the health sector, telemedicine has revolutionized patient-doctor interactions. This technology allows patients to communicate their symptoms, receive diagnoses, and discuss treatment options all from the comfort of their homes. With the aid of advanced software, doctors can now access a patient’s medical history, conduct remote examinations, and even prescribe medications. This level of seamless communication has been particularly crucial in times when in-person visits may not be possible or safe.
• Online Casino Platforms: Similarly, the gambling world has embraced digital transformation. The emergence of sophisticated online casino platforms offers players a diverse range of games right at their fingertips. Live casinos, in particular, merge the thrill of real-time gaming with the convenience of online play. Through chat features, players can communicate with dealers and other players, replicating the ambiance of a physical casino. These platforms also offer detailed guides, helping players make informed decisions on game strategies.

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

But as with all advancements, the integration of digital solutions also brings forth challenges that both sectors must address.

• Data Security: The digitization of health records and online casino transactions means vast amounts of sensitive data are at risk. Cybersecurity becomes paramount. Both sectors need robust security protocols to ensure that personal and financial details remain confidential and protected from potential breaches.
• Regulation and Compliance: The rapid growth of online gambling platforms, coupled with emerging health technologies, calls for stringent regulations. Authorities need to ensure that online casinos operate fairly and transparently, while health tech solutions must adhere to medical standards and practices.

However, with challenges come opportunities. By leveraging advanced encryption technologies, both sectors can safeguard user data. Additionally, collaborations between regulatory bodies and industry players can pave the way for guidelines that ensure integrity and trust. The road ahead is filled with possibilities. As technology continues to evolve, so will the methods of communication and decision-making in health and gambling. The key lies in balancing innovation with responsibility, ensuring that advancements truly benefit the end-users.

Conclusion

Communication and analytical skills are fundamental in driving decisions, regardless of the field. Their prominence in both health and gambling underscores their universal importance. As we navigate the evolving landscapes of healthcare and online gambling, understanding the dynamics of communication and decision-making becomes ever more crucial. Whether you’re making health decisions or choosing an online casino payment method, the principles remain remarkably similar: trust, transparency, and thorough analysis.

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Do you have to be a paramedic to give first aid?

Paramedics are amazing and deserve all the recognition in the world for the work they do! But here’s something you might not know: you don’t need to be a paramedic to provide critical first aid! Paramedics are highly trained professionals equipped with the skills and knowledge to handle any situation, but even without extensive training, giving basic first aid can immensely help someone until advanced medical care is available. We can all help make a difference in an emergency by equipping ourselves with the knowledge on how to give essential assistance during times of crisis.

Where to get first aid skills

Are you looking to get the skills needed for first aid? Whether you are a health care professional, an outdoor enthusiast, or simply an inquisitive learner, getting the basic knowledge and skills for first aid is not only manageable, but also incredibly useful and empowering. With online e-learning courses and in-person certification programs offered by medical centers everywhere, obtaining first aid skills is easier than ever. So get out there and get certified!

Useful books on first aid

When it comes to most useful books on first aid, there is no shortage of popular options. Whether you’re looking for advice on medical emergencies or want to gain simple knowledge about wearing a protective mask, there’s a book that can offer the most comprehensive assistance. From mastering essential skills to providing detailed information on medical safety, these books are invaluable resources for those who want to make sure they know how to act appropriately in times of need. Best yet, most of them are written with concise detail so that anyone can understand and follow the directions confidently – giving you peace of mind when accidents happen.

What is the most important rule to follow before giving first aid

Knowing the most important rule before giving first aid can make all the difference for someone in need of medical help. Before jumping in to assist, always prioritize assessing the situation from a safe distance to ensure it’s safe for you to provide assistance. Assessing the situation will also give you insights into what kind of medical attention is most needed. The most important rule when it comes to giving first aid is making sure the environment is safe and appropriate for providing help and that you only give the necessary treatment before contacting a professional or taking them to a medical facility. So remember, assess the situation first then give necessary assistance!

The equipment that you should always carry with you for first aid

When it comes to being prepared for a medical emergency, nothing is quite as important as having the equipment necessary for first aid on hand. It’s a reassuring feeling knowing that you have the equipment to take care of yourself in case of emergencies. Everyone should consider keeping simple things like bandages, gauze and OTC pain medication inside their backpack or car so that they’re always ready to address minor injuries. If you’re looking for an equipment list with all the items you might need (such as a first-aid kit, water bottle, flashlight and more), look no further – we’ve got you covered!

How to assemble a quality first aid kit

When it comes to assemble a quality first aid kit, the key is to be prepared for any situation. It’s important to assemble a kit that not only contains the essentials, such as bandages and antiseptic cream, but also items such as sunscreen, insect repellent, thermometer and ace bandage. Having these items close at hand can make all the difference in being ready for minor or serious cuts, scratches and bruising. By taking the time to assemble a quality first aid kit now you’ll be well equipped if an emergency should ever arise.

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The Trauma First Aid Kit is a small kit that contains several items like bandages, antiseptic cream, sterile gauze pads and other medical supplies. It will help you to identify the type of trauma you have been suffering from and help you with the treatment at home or in a hospital. The kit should be kept in a safe place and preferably near your bedside at home or in your car if you are traveling for long periods of time.

A trauma first aid kit is a great tool for anyone who has ever been in an accident or has witnessed a traumatic event. It can help you to handle those situations with ease and confidence.

The first aid kit is considered a necessity in any emergency situations and should be kept at home. However, not many people know how to use it properly and thus why should we learn how to use it?

The answer is simple – if you are injured or sick, the first aid kits are your best friend. They can help you recover from an accident or illness as soon as possible and therefore save you a lot of time and money.

A trauma first aid kit is a great tool to have in case of an emergency. It can be used to help you deal with major injuries and accidents. It is important that you know how to use it in order to save your life. This article will teach you how to buy a trauma first aid kit and learn how to use it!

We all know that a first aid kit is a must for us in case of emergency. It should be kept at home, in the car or on the go. But what if we had to use it when we are out on a trip? What if we have to deal with an accident, a sickness or even death? How would we do that?

The Trauma First Aid Kit has been designed by professionals from the field of trauma care and is one of the most important tools for survival and treatment after an accident. The kit can help us know about our body’s reaction to any kind of trauma and make sure that we take care of ourselves.

First aid kits are very useful in any situation and they can help you during any emergency. But, how do you know if the kit is the right one for you?

It is not always easy to know what to do when you are in an emergency situation. You may not have the time or the resources to go and buy a trauma first aid kit. But if you are looking for a quick way to learn how to use this equipment, this article is for you!

The practice of first aid is a very important thing to do when you are injured. It will help you to get back to normal life as fast as possible.

The Trauma First Aid Kit (TFAK) is a tool that can be used by anyone, regardless of their medical training or their knowledge about first aid. It contains everything that is needed for immediate treatment of wounds and injuries, including bandages, antibiotics, painkillers, etc.

We all know the importance of trauma first aid kits and how to use them. But do we know how to start using it? There are so many things you need to remember before you start using this kit, but it doesn’t mean that you cannot use it.

We all have experienced a traumatic event.

It can be a personal experience or an event that happened to us in the past. It might be something like a car accident, a serious illness, or even the death of someone we knew. We know how difficult it is to cope with this kind of trauma and how important it is for us to get help as soon as possible.

When we are in this situation, our first instinct is to avoid thinking about what happened and just keep on going on our way. However, if we don’t take any time out from our busy lives and concentrate on survival mode, then these feelings will continue to build up inside us and will eventually turn into some kind of mental disorder known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD has been defined by the American Psychological Association as “a persistent fear or anxiety disorder resulting from an extremely distressing experience”.

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Every year in the world alone, a lot of people experience myocardial infarction, and the so-called “heart attack” occurs in a much larger number of our residents. About a third of patients are hospitalized late due to late seeking medical help, which has a negative impact on the subsequent treatment. Late treatment is caused by: firstly, underestimation of the severity of their condition; secondly, ignorance of the main symptoms of the disease; thirdly, lack of skills to provide self-and mutual aid.

What is a heart attack and what are its signs?

The term “heart attack” is used outside the professional domain of the medical professional, in the general public, and for public education.

For patients already diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD) and habitual angina pectoris, the term “heart attack” refers to an uncompensated and prolonged angina attack or the pain of myocardial infarction.

For those at risk for CHD and the rest of the population, a “heart attack” is often a first-time angina attack, as a manifestation of unstable angina or an incipient myocardial infarction, that requires urgent care.

Up to 50% of all those who die from myocardial infarction die within the first hour of the onset of a heart attack and before they are admitted to the clinic. That’s why it’s so important to know the symptoms of a heart attack, the emergency care algorithm, and activities that can save precious minutes of the “first golden hour.”

The main signs that indicate the presence of a heart attack

1. The nature of the pain: pressing, burning, constricting, heartburn-like or indefinite discomfort accompanied by a grievous sense of longing and anxiety. Typical comparisons: as if “a heavy stone (stove) was placed on the chest”, “the heart was squeezed by a vice”, “a stake was driven into the chest”, “boiling water was poured into the chest”, “the shoulder is everted”, “everything inside is on fire”, etc. Another name for an attack of angina is “chest pain”.
2. The intensity of pain: from moderate discomfort in the chest (but obviously paying attention) to intolerable pain (moaning, screaming).
3. Pain localization: behind the sternum, on the anterior surface of the thorax, in the heart area, in the left side of chest (clavicle, shoulder, forearm, scapula, left side of neck, lower jaw), in both shoulders, shoulder blades, lower chest with involvement of upper abdomen, scapula area.
4. Area of pain: large, wide without clear borders, the patient shows it with the whole palm of his hand or with his fist.
5. Pain duration: from several minutes to 2-3 hours, often wavy pains with an interval of 1-5 hours, the second-third waves are usually more intense.
6. Relationship of pain to body position, breathing: indefinite or absent.
7. The behavior of a patient during an attack: as a rule, pain causes fear or anxiety for his life; he stops working, stops or sits; sometimes there is sudden weakness (“cotton legs”), vegetative reactions (pale or red face, “cold sweat”, fever, sweating); nausea, one or two times vomiting, expressed shortness of breath up to suffocation is possible. In some cases, the patient “cannot find his place”: gets up, sits down, walks around the room, keeps his hand on his chest, shirt collar unbuttoned. He never smiles or cries, relatives often do.

In such a situation, the most important thing for the patient and his relatives or friends (if they are nearby) is not to get confused or panic. Their actions in the first minutes after the appearance of symptoms of a heart attack depend on the effectiveness of further medical care.

It is necessary:

• Urgently take (chew and swallow) one tablet of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in a dose of 0.5 g and one tablet (capsule, inhalation) nitroglycerin under the tongue. Contraindications for taking aspirin are only its intolerance: allergic reactions, “aspirin” asthma or apparent exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease;
• provide rest and access to fresh air;
• repeat the intake of nitroglycerin if the pain persists after 3-5 minutes. You should know that in open tubes nitroglycerin may lose its effectiveness, so you should always have a new unopened tube (better-inhaled nitroglycerin – “nitromint”, “isoket”, “aerosonit” and others);
• call the ambulance at 103 and take another nitroglycerin tablet if the pain persists after 3-5 minutes.

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After stopping bleeding the skin around the wound is treated with a solution of iodine, manganese, brilliant green, alcohol, vodka or cologne. A cotton or gauze swab moistened with one of these liquids is applied to the skin from the edge of the wound to the outside. They should not be poured into the wound as this will increase pain, damage tissues inside the wound and slow down the healing process. In a penetrating abdominal wound, do not eat or drink. After treatment, the wound is covered with a sterile dressing.

If sterile material is not available, gauze or clean cloth may be used. Apply iodine to the area of the dressing that will be in contact with the wound.

Rules for sterile dressings

Head and Neck Injury Dressing

For head injuries, a dressing is applied to the wound using head scarves, sterile wipes, and adhesive plaster. The type of dressing chosen depends on the location and nature of the wound. For scalp wounds, a “cap” dressing is applied, which is secured with a strip of bandage behind the lower jaw. A piece of bandage up to 1 m in size is torn off and placed in the middle over a sterile napkin covering the wound on the vertex area, the ends are pulled down vertically in front of the ears and held taut. The bandage is wrapped around the head in a circular fixing turn, then, having reached the dressing, the bandage is wrapped around it and led obliquely to the back of the head. Alternating turns of the bandage through the back of the head and forehead, each time directing it more vertically, cover the entire scalp. After that, strengthen the bandage with 2-3 circular turns. The ends are tied with a bow under the chin.

If the neck, larynx or back of the head is wounded, a cross-shaped bandage is applied. By circular turns the bandage is first secured around the head and then above and behind the left ear it is brought down obliquely to the neck. The bandage is then led along the right lateral surface of the neck, cover the front surface and return to the back of the head, and then lead above the right and left ear, repeating the moves made. The bandage is fixed with turns of the bandage around the head.

With extensive head wounds and their location in the face area the bandage is applied in the form of a “bridle”. After 2-3 tightening circular strokes through the forehead the bandage is led along the occiput to the neck and chin, make several vertical strokes through the chin and vertex, then from under the chin the bandage is led along the occiput.

A pectoral bandage is applied to the nose, forehead and chin. A sterile napkin or bandage is placed under the dressing on the wound surface.

The eye bandage begins with a securing move around the head, then the bandage is led from the back of the head under the right ear to the right eye or under the left ear to the left eye and then begin to alternate turns of the bandage: one through the eye, the second around the head.

Bandages on the chest

A spiral or cruciate bandage is applied to the chest. For a spiral bandage, tear off about 1.5 m. of bandage, place it on a healthy upper arm and leave it hanging crosswise on the chest. The bandage, starting from the bottom of the back, is used in spiral turns to bandage the chest. The loose ends of the bandage are tied together. The cruciate bandage is applied from below by circular, fixing 2-3 turns of the bandage, then from the back to the right shoulder with a fixing circular motion, from below through the right shoulder, again around the chest. The end of the bandage of the last circular stroke is secured with a pin.

For penetrating chest wounds, an airtight dressing is applied to the wound, possibly using a band-aid. Strips of plaster, starting 1-2 cm above the wound, are tiled to the skin, thus covering the entire wound surface. A sterile napkin or sterile bandage in 3-4 layers is placed on the bandage, then a layer of absorbent cotton and tightly bandaged. Wounds accompanied by pneumothorax with significant bleeding are especially dangerous. In this case it is most expedient to cover the wound with airtight material (oilcloth, cellophane) and apply a bandage with a thickened layer of absorbent cotton or gauze.

Abdominal dressings

A sterile dressing is applied to the upper abdomen, with bandages applied in successive turns from bottom to top.

On the lower part of the abdomen, a coloshaped bandage is applied to the abdomen and groin area. It starts with turns around the abdomen, then make a turn of the bandage on the outer surface of the thigh and around it, then again make turns around the abdomen. Small non-penetrating wounds of the abdomen, furuncles are closed with a sticker with the use of a band-aid.

Bandages on the upper extremities, shoulder and forearm

Spiral, spiral and cruciform dressings are usually applied to the upper extremities.

The spiral bandage on the finger starts with a turn around the wrist, then the bandage is passed around the back of the hand to the nail phalanx and the bandage is applied spirally from the end to the base and back on the back of the wrist to fix the bandage on the wrist.

A cruciate bandage for palm or dorsal wrist injuries is applied starting with a fixation over the wrist and then over the back of the wrist to the palm.

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First aid is the beginning of the treatment of injuries because it prevents complications such as shock, bleeding, infection, additional displacement of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels.

It should be remembered that the timeliness and quality of first aid largely determines the further state of health of the victim and even his life. With some minor injuries, medical care to the victim may be limited to the scope of first aid. However, with more serious injuries (fractures, dislocations, bleeding, internal injuries, etc.) first aid is the initial stage of treatment, because after its provision the victim must be taken to a medical institution.

First aid is very important, but it can never replace qualified (specialized) medical care. You should not try to treat the injured person on your own, but, having provided first aid, you should immediately contact a doctor.

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Fainting is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness accompanied by a weakening of heart and respiratory activity. It occurs during a rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.

Signs: Fainting is a sudden onset of dizziness, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness. Fainting is accompanied by pallor and coldness of the skin. Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and sparse pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).

First aid – lay the victim on his back so that the head is slightly lowered and the legs raised. To facilitate breathing, free the neck and chest from tight clothing; cover the victim with something warm, put a heating pad at his feet; rub ammonia on the temples and give it to smell; splash his face with cold water. Artificial respiration is indicated for prolonged fainting. After the victim regains consciousness, give him hot coffee.

Prolonged compression syndrome

Prolonged compression of the soft tissues of parts of the body, lower or upper extremities may produce a severe condition called prolonged compression syndrome or traumatic toxemia. It is caused by the absorption into the blood of toxic substances that are the decay products of damaged soft tissues.

Having found a person in rubble, it is necessary to take measures to free him. The rubble is dismantled carefully, since it may collapse. Remove the victim only after his complete release from compression. Then examine him carefully. The injured part of the body may have abrasions and dents, repeating the outlines of the protruding parts of the pressed objects, the skin may be pale, bluish in places, cold to the touch. The injured limb will begin to swell rapidly after 30-40 minutes of release.

There are three periods during traumatic toxemia: early, intermediate and late. In the early period, immediately after injury and for 2 h, the affected person is agitated, consciousness is preserved, and he tries to free himself from the rubble, asking for help. After being in the rubble for more than 2 hours, there is an intermediate period. Toxic phenomena build up in the body. Excitement passes, the victim becomes relatively calm, gives signals about himself, answers questions, periodically may fall into a drowsy state, dry mouth, thirst, and general weakness are noted.

In the late period, the general condition of the victim worsens sharply: agitation appears, inadequate reaction to the surroundings, consciousness is disturbed, delirium occurs, chills, vomiting, pupils first strongly constrict and then dilate, the pulse is weak and frequent. In severe cases death occurs.

First aid – a sterile dressing is applied to wounds and abrasions. If the victim’s limbs are cold, bluish, badly injured, a tourniquet is applied above the place of compression. This stops the absorption of toxic substances from the crushed soft tissues into the bloodstream. The tourniquet should not be applied too tightly, so as not to completely disrupt the blood flow to the injured limbs. In cases where the limbs are warm to the touch and not severely damaged, they are covered with a tight bandage. After a tourniquet or a tight bandage is applied, a syringe-tube of an antipain agent is administered, and if it is not available, 50 g of vodka is given internally. Injured limbs even in the absence of fractures immobilize with splints or with improvised means.

Hot tea, coffee, drinking plenty of fluids with the addition of baking soda, 2-4 g per reception (up to 20-40 g per day) are indicated.

Soda helps to restore acid-base balance of the internal environment of the body, and drinking plenty of fluids – removal of toxic substances in the urine.

Victims with traumatic toxemia are quickly and gently delivered on a stretcher to a medical facility.

Traumatic shock

Traumatic shock is a life-threatening complication of severe injuries, characterized by disruption of the central nervous system, blood circulation, metabolism and other vital functions. The cause of shock can be single or repeated traumas. Particularly often, shock occurs during large bleeding, in winter time – when the wounded person is cold.

Depending on the time of appearance of signs of shock, it can be primary and secondary. Primary shock occurs at the time of injury or soon afterwards. Secondary shock can occur after care has been given to the injured person due to negligent transport or poor immobilization for fractures.

There are two phases in the development of traumatic shock – excitation and inhibition. Excitation phase develops immediately after trauma as a response of the body to the strongest painful stimuli. Thus the victim shows anxiety, rushes from pain, screams, asks for help. This phase is of short duration (10-20 minutes). It is followed by inhibition, with full consciousness the victim does not ask for help, his vital functions are oppressed: the body is cold, the face is pale, the pulse is weak, breathing is hardly noticeable.

There are four degrees of traumatic shock: mild, moderate, severe shock and extremely severe shock.

First aid is to put the injured person in a position of legs higher, head lower. Eliminate causes of breathing disturbance (ensure patency of upper airways, fix tongue if it is sunken, clean mouth, free neck and chest from constricting clothing, unbuckle trouser belt). Do mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose resuscitation. For penetrating chest wounds, immediately cover the wound with several sterile cloths, securing them to the chest. Stop external bleeding. Apply a tourniquet for arterial bleeding, and apply pressure dressings for venous and capillary bleeding. In case of cardiac arrest perform indirect massage

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